Numerous workers in Japan and the U.S. have demonstrated circuit performance with picosecond delays at the microwatt per gate power level. In addition, VLSI level chips have been built and tested that show the same fundamental performance. These demonstrations included on-chip RAM and ROM to maintain properly the level of functionality needed at one GHz clock rates. The obvious conclusion is that circuit and manufacturing margins can be achieved at VLSI levels of integration, albeit not at the density presently available in mature silicon technology.